Konfiguration eines eingebetteten NATS-Servers in Go-Anwendungen und Struktur der prozessinternen Kommunikation

Erste Schritte
Γber NATS
Softwareanwendungen und Dienste mΓΌssen Daten austauschen. NATS ist eine Infrastruktur, die einen solchen Datenaustausch ermΓΆglicht, der in Form von Nachrichten segmentiert wird. Wir bezeichnen dies als "message oriented middleware".
Mit NATS kΓΆnnen Anwendungsentwickler:
- Verteilte und skalierbare Client-Server-Anwendungen mΓΌhelos erstellen.
- Daten in Echtzeit auf allgemeine Weise speichern und verteilen. Dies lΓ€sst sich flexibel ΓΌber verschiedene Umgebungen, Sprachen, Cloud-Anbieter und On-Premises-Systeme hinweg realisieren.
- NATS λ Go λ‘ κ΅¬μ±λ λ©μμ§ λΈλ‘컀μ΄λ€.
Eingebettetes NATS
Wenn Ihre Anwendung in Go geschrieben ist und dies zu Ihrem Anwendungsfall und Ihren Bereitstellungsszenarien passt, kΓΆnnen Sie sogar einen NATS-Server in Ihre Anwendung einbetten.
- κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ NATS μ νΉμ΄μ¬νμ΄ μλλ°, Go λ‘ κ΅¬μ±λ μ ν리μΌμ΄μ μ κ²½μ° embedded mode λ₯Ό μ§μνλ€λ κ²μ΄λ€.
- μ¦, λ©μμ§ λΈλ‘컀μ μΌλ°μ μΈ λ°©μμΈ λ³λμ λΈλ‘컀 μλ² κ΅¬λ ν ν΄λΉ μλ²μ μ ν리μΌμ΄μ μ ν΄λΌμ΄μΈνΈλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ ν΅μ νλ κ΅¬μ‘°κ° μλ, λΈλ‘컀 μ체λ₯Ό Go λ‘ λ§λ μ ν리μΌμ΄μ μ λ΄μ₯(embed)ν μ μλ€λ μ΄μΌκΈ°μ΄λ€.
Vorteile und AnwendungsfΓ€lle von eingebettetem NATS
- μ μ€λͺ λ Youtube μμμ΄ μμ΄μ μμμ λ§ν¬λ‘ κ°μνλ€.
- λ³λμ λ©μμ§ λΈλ‘컀 μλ²λ₯Ό λ°°ν¬νμ§ μλλΌλ modular monolith applictaion μ λ§λ€μ΄μ separate of concern μ λ¬μ±νκΈ°λ νλ©΄μ nats λ₯Ό embedded λ‘ μ¬μ μ μλ μ₯μ μ μ·¨ν μκ° μλ€. λνμ¬ single binary deployment λ κ°λ₯ν΄μ§λ€.
- platform with no network(wasm) λΏλ§ μλλΌ, offline-first application μμ μ μ©νκ² μ¬μ©ν μ μλ€.
Beispiel aus der offiziellen Dokumentation
1package main
2
3import (
4 "fmt"
5 "time"
6
7 "github.com/nats-io/nats-server/v2/server"
8 "github.com/nats-io/nats.go"
9)
10
11func main() {
12 opts := &server.Options{}
13
14 // Initialize new server with options
15 ns, err := server.NewServer(opts)
16
17 if err != nil {
18 panic(err)
19 }
20
21 // Start the server via goroutine
22 go ns.Start()
23
24 // Wait for server to be ready for connections
25 if !ns.ReadyForConnections(4 * time.Second) {
26 panic("not ready for connection")
27 }
28
29 // Connect to server
30 nc, err := nats.Connect(ns.ClientURL())
31
32 if err != nil {
33 panic(err)
34 }
35
36 subject := "my-subject"
37
38 // Subscribe to the subject
39 nc.Subscribe(subject, func(msg *nats.Msg) {
40 // Print message data
41 data := string(msg.Data)
42 fmt.Println(data)
43
44 // Shutdown the server (optional)
45 ns.Shutdown()
46 })
47
48 // Publish data to the subject
49 nc.Publish(subject, []byte("Hello embedded NATS!"))
50
51 // Wait for server shutdown
52 ns.WaitForShutdown()
53}
- NATS 곡μ λ¬Έμκ° κ±Έμ΄λμ Embedded NATS μ μμμΈλ°, ν΄λΉ μμ μ½λλλ‘ μ§ννκ² λλ©΄ embedding mode λ‘ communication μ΄ μ΄λ€μ§μ§ μλλ€.
1Every 2.0s: netstat -an | grep 127.0.0.1 pravdalaptop-home.local: 02:34:20
2 in 0.017s (0)
3...
4tcp4 0 0 127.0.0.1.4222 127.0.0.1.63769 TIME_WAIT
watch 'netstat -an | grep 127.0.0.1'command λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ localhost(127.0.0.1) λ‘ μ€κ°λ network λ₯Ό νμΈνλ©΄μgo run .λ‘ ν΄λΉ go file μ μ€νμν€λ©΄ NATS μ default port μΈ4222μμ μΆλ°νλ μλ‘μ΄ λ€νΈμν¬ μμ²λ€μ΄ μΆκ°λλ κ±Έ λ³Ό μ μλ€.
Richtige Konfigurationen fΓΌr den Embedding-Modus
μλνλ λλ‘ embedded mode λ‘ ν΅μ μ νκΈ° μν΄μ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ λ κ°μ§ μ΅μ μ΄ νμνλ€.
- Client:
InProcessServeroption μ λ£μ΄μ£Όμ΄μΌ νλ€. - Server:
Server.OptionsμDontListenμ΄λΌλ flag λ₯Όtrueλ‘ λͺ μν΄μΌ νλ€.
- Client:
ν΄λΉ λΆλΆλ€μ 곡μμ μΌλ‘ λ¬Έμνκ° λμ΄μμ§ μμκ³ , μ΄ κΈ°λ₯μ μμμ ν΄λΉ PR μ ν΅ν΄ νμ ν μ μλ€.
This PR adds three things:
InProcessConn()function toServerwhich builds anet.Pipeto get a connection to the NATS server without using TCP socketsDontListenoption which tells the NATS server not to listen on the usual TCP listenerstartupCompletechannel, which is closed right before we startAcceptLoop, andreadyForConnectionswill wait for it
The main motivation for this is that we have an application that can run either in a monolith (single-process) mode or a polylith (multi-process) mode. We'd like to be able to use NATS for both modes for simplicity, but the monolith mode has to be able to cater for a variety of platforms where opening socket connections either doesn't make sense (mobile) or just isn't possible (WASM). These changes will allow us to use NATS entirely in-process instead.
An accompanying PR nats-io/nats.go#774 adds support to the client side.
This is my first PR to this project so apologies in advance if I've missed anything obvious anywhere.
/cc @nats-io/core
Funktionierendes Beispiel fΓΌr den Embedded-Modus
1package main
2
3import (
4 "fmt"
5 "time"
6
7 "github.com/nats-io/nats-server/v2/server"
8 "github.com/nats-io/nats.go"
9)
10
11func main() {
12 opts := &server.Options{
13 // for configuring the embeded NATS server
14 // set DonListen as true
15 DontListen: true,
16 }
17
18 // Initialize new server with options
19 ns, err := server.NewServer(opts)
20
21 if err != nil {
22 panic(err)
23 }
24
25 // Start the server via goroutine
26 go ns.Start()
27
28 // Wait for server to be ready for connections
29 if !ns.ReadyForConnections(10 * time.Second) {
30 panic("not ready for connection")
31 }
32
33 // Connect to server via in-process connection
34 nc, err := nats.Connect(ns.ClientURL(), nats.InProcessServer(ns))
35
36 if err != nil {
37 panic(err)
38 }
39
40 subject := "my-subject"
41
42 // Subscribe to the subject
43 nc.Subscribe(subject, func(msg *nats.Msg) {
44 // Print message data
45 data := string(msg.Data)
46 fmt.Println(data)
47
48 // Shutdown the server (optional)
49 ns.Shutdown()
50 })
51
52 // Publish data to the subject
53 nc.Publish(subject, []byte("Hello embedded NATS!"))
54
55 // Wait for server shutdown
56 ns.WaitForShutdown()
57}
58
1Every 2.0s: netstat -an | grep 127.0.0.1 pravdalaptop-home.local: 02:37:50
2 in 0.023s (0)
3...no additional logs
4
- μ΄μ μλν λλ‘ μΆκ°μ μΈ network hop μ΄ λ°μνμ§ μλ κ²μ λ³Ό μ μλ€.
Unter der Haube
TL;DR
- ν΄λΉ μ½λλ₯Ό
main.goμμ μ€νμμΌ°μ λ, λ΄λΆμ μΌλ‘ μ΄λ ν ν¨μλ€μ΄ μ΄λ»κ² μλλλμ§λ₯Ό λνλΈ sequence diagram μ΄λ©°, 골μλ₯Ό μ€λͺ νμλ©΄ μλμ κ°λ€.DontListen: trueλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μλ²λAcceptLoopλΌλ client listening phase λ₯Ό μλ΅νλ€.- client μ Connect option μ€
InProcessServerκ° νμ±ν λλ€λ©΄ in-memory connection μ μμ±νκ³net.Pipeλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ pipe λ₯Ό λ§λ λ€ end of pipe λ₯Ό client μκ²net.Conntype μΌλ‘ λ°ννλ€. - client μ server κ° ν΄λΉ connection μ ν΅ν΄ in-process communication μ μ§ννλ€.
Server
AcceptLoop
1// nats-server/server/server.go
2
3// Wait for clients.
4if !opts.DontListen {
5 s.AcceptLoop(clientListenReady)
6}
- λ¨Όμ
DontListenμ΄ true μΈ κ²½μ°,AcceptLoopλΌλ client listening phase λ₯Ό μλ΅νλ€.
1// nats-server/server/server.go
2
3// AcceptLoop is exported for easier testing.
4func (s *Server) AcceptLoop(clr chan struct{}) {
5 // If we were to exit before the listener is setup properly,
6 // make sure we close the channel.
7 defer func() {
8 if clr != nil {
9 close(clr)
10 }
11 }()
12
13 if s.isShuttingDown() {
14 return
15 }
16
17 // Snapshot server options.
18 opts := s.getOpts()
19
20 // Setup state that can enable shutdown
21 s.mu.Lock()
22 hp := net.JoinHostPort(opts.Host, strconv.Itoa(opts.Port))
23 l, e := natsListen("tcp", hp)
24 s.listenerErr = e
25 if e != nil {
26 s.mu.Unlock()
27 s.Fatalf("Error listening on port: %s, %q", hp, e)
28 return
29 }
30 s.Noticef("Listening for client connections on %s",
31 net.JoinHostPort(opts.Host, strconv.Itoa(l.Addr().(*net.TCPAddr).Port)))
32
33 // Alert of TLS enabled.
34 if opts.TLSConfig != nil {
35 s.Noticef("TLS required for client connections")
36 if opts.TLSHandshakeFirst && opts.TLSHandshakeFirstFallback == 0 {
37 s.Warnf("Clients that are not using \"TLS Handshake First\" option will fail to connect")
38 }
39 }
40
41 // If server was started with RANDOM_PORT (-1), opts.Port would be equal
42 // to 0 at the beginning this function. So we need to get the actual port
43 if opts.Port == 0 {
44 // Write resolved port back to options.
45 opts.Port = l.Addr().(*net.TCPAddr).Port
46 }
47
48 // Now that port has been set (if it was set to RANDOM), set the
49 // server's info Host/Port with either values from Options or
50 // ClientAdvertise.
51 if err := s.setInfoHostPort(); err != nil {
52 s.Fatalf("Error setting server INFO with ClientAdvertise value of %s, err=%v", opts.ClientAdvertise, err)
53 l.Close()
54 s.mu.Unlock()
55 return
56 }
57 // Keep track of client connect URLs. We may need them later.
58 s.clientConnectURLs = s.getClientConnectURLs()
59 s.listener = l
60
61 go s.acceptConnections(l, "Client", func(conn net.Conn) { s.createClient(conn) },
62 func(_ error) bool {
63 if s.isLameDuckMode() {
64 // Signal that we are not accepting new clients
65 s.ldmCh <- true
66 // Now wait for the Shutdown...
67 <-s.quitCh
68 return true
69 }
70 return false
71 })
72 s.mu.Unlock()
73
74 // Let the caller know that we are ready
75 close(clr)
76 clr = nil
77}
- μ°Έκ³ λ‘ AcceptLoop ν¨μλ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ κ³Όμ λ€μ μ§ννλ€.
TLSλhostPortμ κ°μ΄ network ν΅μ κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨λ λΆλΆμΌλ‘, in-process communication μ νκ² λλ©΄ νμ μλ λΆλΆλ€μ΄λ μλ΅ν΄λ 무방ν λΆλΆλ€μ΄λ€.
Client
InProcessServer
1
2// nats-go/nats.go
3
4// Connect will attempt to connect to the NATS system.
5// The url can contain username/password semantics. e.g. nats://derek:pass@localhost:4222
6// Comma separated arrays are also supported, e.g. urlA, urlB.
7// Options start with the defaults but can be overridden.
8// To connect to a NATS Server's websocket port, use the `ws` or `wss` scheme, such as
9// `ws://localhost:8080`. Note that websocket schemes cannot be mixed with others (nats/tls).
10func Connect(url string, options ...Option) (*Conn, error) {
11 opts := GetDefaultOptions()
12 opts.Servers = processUrlString(url)
13 for _, opt := range options {
14 if opt != nil {
15 if err := opt(&opts); err != nil {
16 return nil, err
17 }
18 }
19 }
20 return opts.Connect()
21}
1// nats-go/nats.go
2
3// Options can be used to create a customized connection.
4type Options struct {
5 // Url represents a single NATS server url to which the client
6 // will be connecting. If the Servers option is also set, it
7 // then becomes the first server in the Servers array.
8 Url string
9
10 // InProcessServer represents a NATS server running within the
11 // same process. If this is set then we will attempt to connect
12 // to the server directly rather than using external TCP conns.
13 InProcessServer InProcessConnProvider
14
15 //...
16}
1// nats-go/nats.go
2
3type InProcessConnProvider interface {
4 InProcessConn() (net.Conn, error)
5}
- nats server μ nats client μ μ°κ²°μ μ§ννλ
Connectν¨μλ client URL κ³Ό connect Option μ μ€μ ν μ μκ³ , ν΄λΉ Option λ€μ λͺ¨μλμ Options struct μInProcesConnProviderinterface type μInProcessServerλΌλ field κ° μ‘΄μ¬νλ€.
1// main.go of example code
2
3// Initialize new server with options
4ns, err := server.NewServer(opts)
5
6//...
7
8// Connect to server via in-process connection
9nc, err := nats.Connect(ns.ClientURL(), nats.InProcessServer(ns))
- nats client μμ Connect λ₯Ό μ§νν λ,
InProcessServerfield λ‘nats.InProcessServer(ns)λ₯Ό λκ²¨μ£Όκ² λλ©΄
1// nats-go/nats.go
2
3// InProcessServer is an Option that will try to establish a direction to a NATS server
4// running within the process instead of dialing via TCP.
5func InProcessServer(server InProcessConnProvider) Option {
6 return func(o *Options) error {
7 o.InProcessServer = server
8 return nil
9 }
10}
- option μ InProcessServer κ° embedded nats server λ‘ λ체λκ³
1// nats-go/nats.go
2
3// createConn will connect to the server and wrap the appropriate
4// bufio structures. It will do the right thing when an existing
5// connection is in place.
6func (nc *Conn) createConn() (err error) {
7 if nc.Opts.Timeout < 0 {
8 return ErrBadTimeout
9 }
10 if _, cur := nc.currentServer(); cur == nil {
11 return ErrNoServers
12 }
13
14 // If we have a reference to an in-process server then establish a
15 // connection using that.
16 if nc.Opts.InProcessServer != nil {
17 conn, err := nc.Opts.InProcessServer.InProcessConn()
18 if err != nil {
19 return fmt.Errorf("failed to get in-process connection: %w", err)
20 }
21 nc.conn = conn
22 nc.bindToNewConn()
23 return nil
24 }
25
26 //...
27}
- ν΄λΉ interface λ connection μ λ§λ€μ΄μ£Όλ
createConnν¨μμμInProcessServeroption μ΄ nil μ΄ μλ(valid ν)κ²½μ° option μ μλ InProcessServer μInProcesConnμ μ€ννλ©΄μ
1// nats-server/server/server.go
2
3// InProcessConn returns an in-process connection to the server,
4// avoiding the need to use a TCP listener for local connectivity
5// within the same process. This can be used regardless of the
6// state of the DontListen option.
7func (s *Server) InProcessConn() (net.Conn, error) {
8 pl, pr := net.Pipe()
9 if !s.startGoRoutine(func() {
10 s.createClientInProcess(pl)
11 s.grWG.Done()
12 }) {
13 pl.Close()
14 pr.Close()
15 return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create connection")
16 }
17 return pr, nil
18}
- server μ ꡬνλ
InProcessConnμ νΈμΆν΄ μ€ννλ€. - ν΄λΉ function μ nats μ go client μΈ
nats.goμμ nc(nats connection) μInProcessServerκ° nil μ΄ μλ κ²½μ° νΈμΆμ΄ λμ΄ connection(net.Conn) μ λ§λ€κ³ , μ΄λ₯Ό server μ connection μ bind μν¨λ€.
Consumer-gesteuerte Schnittstelle in Go
A type implements an interface by implementing its methods. There is no explicit declaration of intent, no "implements" keyword. Implicit interfaces decouple the definition of an interface from its implementation, which could then appear in any package without prearrangement.
Interfaces are implemented implicitly, A Tour of Go
If a type exists only to implement an interface and will never have exported methods beyond that interface, there is no need to export the type itself.
- ν΄λΉ interface design μ Go μμ νν λ§ νλ consumer defined interface μ structural typing(duck typing) μ μ λ΄κ³ μμ΄μ ν΄λΉ μ£Όμ λ κ°μ΄ μκ°ν΄ λ³΄λ €κ³ νλ€.
1// nats-go/nats.go
2
3// Options can be used to create a customized connection.
4type Options struct {
5 // Url represents a single NATS server url to which the client
6 // will be connecting. If the Servers option is also set, it
7 // then becomes the first server in the Servers array.
8 Url string
9
10 // InProcessServer represents a NATS server running within the
11 // same process. If this is set then we will attempt to connect
12 // to the server directly rather than using external TCP conns.
13 InProcessServer InProcessConnProvider
14
15 //...
16}
1// nats-go/nats.go
2
3type InProcessConnProvider interface {
4 InProcessConn() (net.Conn, error)
5}
- λ€μ μ½λλ‘ λμ΄κ°λ³΄μ. nats.go client μμ
InProcessServeroption struct field λInProcessConnλ§μ μννλInProcessConnProviderinterface λ‘ μ μλμλ€.
1// nats-server/server/server.go
2
3// InProcessConn returns an in-process connection to the server,
4// avoiding the need to use a TCP listener for local connectivity
5// within the same process. This can be used regardless of the
6// state of the DontListen option.
7func (s *Server) InProcessConn() (net.Conn, error) {
8 pl, pr := net.Pipe()
9 if !s.startGoRoutine(func() {
10 s.createClientInProcess(pl)
11 s.grWG.Done()
12 }) {
13 pl.Close()
14 pr.Close()
15 return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create connection")
16 }
17 return pr, nil
18}
- κ·Έλ¬λ κ·Έκ²μ λ€μ΄κ°λ type μ nats-server μ
Serverλ‘, InProcessConn λΏλ§ μλλΌ λ€μν κΈ°λ₯λ€μ μννκ³ μλ€. - μλλ©΄ ν΄λΉ μν©μμμ client μ κ΄μ¬μ¬λ
InProcessConnμ΄λΌλ interface λ₯Ό μ 곡νλλ μλλ λΏμ΄μ§, λ€λ₯Έ κ²λ€μ ν¬κ² μ€μνμ§ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. - λ°λΌμ nats.go client λ
InProcessConn() (net.Conn, error)μ΄λΌλ κΈ°λ₯λ§μ μ μνInProcessConnProviderλΌλ consumer defined interface λ§μ λ§λ€μ΄μ μ¬μ©νκ³ μλ€.
Fazit
- NATS μ embedded mode μ κ·Έ μλλ°©μ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ NATS μ code λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ νμΈν μ μλ Go μ consumer defined interface μ λν΄ κ°λ΅νκ² λ€λ£¨μ΄ 보μλ€.
- ν΄λΉ μ λ³΄κ° μμ κ°μ λͺ©μ μΌλ‘ NATS λ₯Ό μ¬μ©νλ μ¬λλ€μκ² λμμ΄ λκΈΈ λ°λΌλ©° μ΄ κΈμ λ§μΉκ³ μ νλ€.